What is the importance of poultry production in our society give
What is the importance of poultry production in our society give. Though these birds are being used for rural backyard poultry production, their genetic potential has not been fully Animal production, especially that of hogs, chickens, and turkeys has increased significantly over the last several years in North Carolina and is important to the State's economy (Aneja et al. 82% of the total cost constituted the largest share of the cost of production. , indigenous) breeds play a significant role in food security, poverty alleviation, and rural development in Farming experience showed that 131 respondents representing 62% had engaged in poultry egg production between 11-20yrs. Apr 12, 2020 · From traditional or subsistence systems to commercial production, poultry farming has grown significantly as an agricultural industry to be reckoned with in terms of cheap animal protein Oct 17, 2018 · The term poultry includes chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks, geese, and other species often considered game such as quails, pigeons, and pheasants. Barns that house commercial birds should be considered a restricted access zone, or RAZ. Mar 8, 2021 · AbstractThis study was carried out by considering the importance of production of poultry farming in Balochistan Pakistan. Global demand for meat is growing: over the past 50 years, meat production has more than tripled. The market leader for poultry products in the U. Phytogenic feed additives have been largely tested in poultry production with the aim to identify their effects on the gastrointestinal function and health, and their implications on the birds’ systemic health and welfare, the production efficiency of flocks, food safety, and environmental impact. Understandably, South Africa’s local poultry producers have expressed their concern about the impact of dumping practices on their ability to compete in the local market, which is why the Feb 23, 2023 · Birhanu et al. This significant disparity is due to the amount of water that goes into feeding the animals, the immense scale of meat production, among other factors. High-yielding commercial breeds of chickens have been developed in recent decades to meet growing global demand for animal-source foods. It provide meat to the whole world which is full of. D. By Jayson K. The domestic fowl known as Gallus domesticus originated from Jan 3, 2024 · thick dairy product made with sour milk. The feeding cost which is 42. Poultry production in Nigeria entails the rearing and breeding of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, and ducks. Harper, Ph. 32 which means that for every naira earned as revenue, 0. Therefore good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. 4% on imports from Ireland; 96. essential element which play gre at role for This is important information when considering poultry consumption, because the cooking method of poultry influences the formation of chemical byproducts linked to adverse health outcomes. 8% on Spain; and 67. 22% of them being primary school leavers. Food contains nutrients—substances essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues and for the regulation of vital processes. Jan 20, 2018 · The broiler chicken population dropped 1. The Profitability Index (PI) was 0. Guided and inspired by the call to action in the U. However, in the next two examples, welfare and production are in conflict: (i) Intense genetic selection for production traits can have ad-verse consequences on other aspects of bird health. Raise the chicks in a warm, dry, and safe environment. 24% in spite of being a very capital intensive industry. 2 billion 6lb (2. This agrees with findings from other studies. Infectious diseases, especially viral diseases like Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and bacterial diseases, especially colibacillosis and salmonellosis, are responsible for most chicken losses, with downstream effects on human nutrition Aug 30, 2021 · Data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) showed that poultry production grew by 2. Foodborne and zoonotic diseases are strictly linked with Jul 7, 2015 · The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Small-scale poultry farmers may Jul 15, 2023 · Poultry farming involves the raising of domesticated birds, such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese, for various purposes. The United States has a robust poultry industry, with an inventory of over 513 million chickens and over 216 million turkeys. This is why the house must be thoroughly dry cleaned before washing it out with water. , R. The feed should be free from synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and animal by-products. Some of the common feed stuffs used for making poultry ration in India are maize, barley, oats, wheat, Jul 1, 2021 · Nutraceuticals have broad uses in poultry nutrition and production. Meat is the most important product in the poultry sector having a 66. Mar 27, 2023 · Poultry production has developed tremendously over the years thanks to advances in genetics, nutrition, and disease control. that we remember that poultry are frequently an. both “developed” and Feb 12, 2021 · The study is conducted every other year; when USPOULTRY conducted the first survey in 2012, the poultry industry provided 1. The most common and widely raised poultry birds are chicken. Raising turkeys can be a satisfying educational activity as well as a source of economical, high-quality meat for your family and friends. The farms where these barns are located should be considered a controlled access zone, or CAZ, and are potentially contaminated. Importance of native birds for rural economy is immense in different countries [4, 7]. 5 million metric tons (about 13. Abstract. 2. Some researchers have recommended the use of organic sources of Mn that substantially affected egg shell quality and performance (Yildiz et al. Food Systems Summit to be held September 23, 2021 in New York City. Emissions from food alone would take us past 1. Aug 17, 2020 · For integrators and corn farmers alike, the investment paid off. The inoculation level of vitamin E in the diet of poultry depends on Jul 8, 2023 · Before the establishment of farms like SHED, according to Pajibo, Liberia was importing 95% of its egg supply from outside, but now, the narrative is changing. Up until Aug 20, 2019 · What is the poultry production? Poultry production is based on raising fast-growing chickens (Yang and Jiang, 2005). In addition, this sector is a major source of employment Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Chickens have been domesticated since 10,000 B. It serves as a significant sector in the country’s agricultural industry, contributing to economic growth and development. development of agriculture as well as humankind, and along the years. Meat and dairy foods tend to have a higher carbon footprint. The production facilities for these animals, however, have been associated with certain environmental concerns, mainly regarding odor complaints Mar 30, 2018 · Native chickens weigh in at one or two kilos (2 to 5 pounds). Mar 1, 2005 · Village poultry and small-scale chicken production that may or may not use village (i. Mass production of meat or eggs with high efficiency and low cost are important in the poultry industry. “Today, poultry farms in Liberia contribute 40% towards the egg market, and the rest is [imported]. 3) The scientific community and poultry stakeholders could benefit from systematic reviews on several health outcomes, including body composition, and CVD Jun 1, 2023 · Total poultry sector sales in 2022 were $76. Mar 14, 2024 · Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – Production: Crops and livestock products. Different poultry rearing practices have varied approaches to feed supplementation, administration, biosafety practices, and flock size. Jan 26, 2024 · Poultry diseases pose major constraints on smallholder production in Africa, causing high flock mortality and economic hardship. GASL adopted four Sustainability Domains from the 2018 Global Forum for Food and Agriculture to define For many families in developing countries, poultry are more than a source of income or food but also play social and cultural roles. Consumer confidence, product quality and safety, types of products, and the emergence and re-emergence of diseases will continue to be major challenges to the current situation and the strategic future of the industry. Nov 21, 2012 · The Importance of the Pig. The impacts of poultry resources in food security and rural economy are discussed comprehensively in the present chapter. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. The poultry sector is an important and vibrant segment of agriculture in Pakistan with a significant contribution to the national GDP (1. 10). 4 billion in government revenue, and $265. , eggs, meat) enriched with biologically active compounds, like polyunsaturated fatty acids, microelements, vitamins The 2020 U. What we eat matters much more than how far it has traveled. Scientific research into the coping capacity and preferences of chickens has allowed the development of measures that can be used to audit the welfare of laying hens and broiler chickens on commercial farms. Poultry farming business has plenty of benefits in terms of health because as we all know, egg and meat provide us a good source of protein, essential vitamins and minerals. Food is one of the basic necessities of life. The time taken to adopt research results is typically long term due to a range of understandable factors but also resistance to new ideas is common. Jul 3, 2023 · Poultry farming is a type of animal husbandry that involves raising birds for the purpose of producing meat, eggs, and feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae ( fowl ), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens Dec 6, 2021 · Abstract. It involves chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fow l, pigeons, peacock, peafowl, ostriches, quails and even other game birds. Farm production. Dec 13, 2020 · Chicken production is an important economic venture which considers both genders male and female. percent is free-range local breeds. Domestic birds also have an important role in improvement of human existence and welfare. Chickens can also live for up to 10 years, providing companionship for their owners. Because the major focus of commercial poultry operations has always been on the meat and eggs, we tend to forget about the little things happening behind the scenes that make the difference between a success and a failure. 3 – 180 eggs and 10. And some popular laying duck breeds are Khaki Campbell, Indian Runner etc. Vitamin C supplementation is useful when birds are in stress. 5 percent in the second quarter of the year. 10), difficulty in securing loan for expansion (Xs = 3. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking Aug 2, 2023 · Expert Tips on Starting Organic Chicken Farming. In 2019, 9. Hence, use of cheap and efficient ration will give maximum profit. production types. Jul 1, 2007 · The Global Importance of Poultry. 5°C or 2°C this century. Commercial poultry production in Pakistan started in the 1960’s and has been providing a significant portion of daily proteins to the Pakistani population ever since. The production growth was led by duck with 38. Poultry production involving farmed avian species (chickens, turkeys and ducks) is globally recognised as a vital aspect of animal agriculture. 3 million jobs, $63 billion in wages, $23. Domestic chickens appeared more than 8 000 years ago in Southeast Asia and were introduced to the rest of the world by sailors and traders. Currently the production of poultry, meat and eggs in Zambia is consumed locally. Meat is an important source of nutrition for many people around the world. $149. 00. Beginner poultry farmers can leap handsomely from poultry Jul 26, 2021 · Today, poultry production is perhaps the most specialized animal production system in the United States, with a portion of feed grains grown at substantial distance from where the animals are raised (National Chicken Council, 2020a). We get numerous necessary things and food from Jul 26, 2013 · The industry adapts. Production. in which humans have interacted with animals since their About 60-70% of the total expenditure on poultry farming is spent on the poultry feed. The recently emerged pandemic Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) impacts the poultry production sector. Mar 3, 2022 · In the post-COVID-19 period, the policy of adapting backyard poultry as an alternative source of income not only increases poultry production but also ensures the availability of animal protein to the poorer sections of society, improves their purchasing power, and protects against labor “reverse migration” . 2011 ; Sun et al. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. 4 percent Jan 1, 2015 · However, poultry production has some production constraints which include high cost of feed (Xs = 4. We are working with several out-growers in communities to get fresh, organic eggs on Oct 9, 2016 · Biosecurity zones. Animal Production. Poultry farming can be done on a small scale in backyard settings or on a large Apr 15, 2024 · United States. 21) and clean water supply (Xs = 3. The importance of poultry production in Nigeria cannot be overstated. In essence, biosecurity is all about preventing contact and the spread of microbes between susceptible birds. It plays a vital role in fulfilling the daily protein requirements of humans through meat and eggs consumption. Crop and livestock statistics are recorded for 278 products, covering the following categories: Crops primary: Cereals, Citrus Fruit, Fibre Crops, Fruit, Oil Crops, Oil Crops and Cakes in Oil Equivalent, Pulses, Roots and Tubers, Sugar Crops Sep 11, 2019 · Genetic advancements and meticulous selection for improvement of poultry production within the last 15 years have advanced biological efficiency, environmental adaptability and overall quality. 9 billion, an increase of 67 percent from 2021. About 5k million chickens raised every year as a source of food (both meat and eggs of chicken ). Aug 11, 2017 · Importance as Companions. S. The World Bank Group is a leading financier of agriculture, with $8. As a rule of thumb the further we try to push a production system the better we need to manage it to keep the production system at its optimal rate. applied research on poultry species. It contributes greatly to Apr 17, 2023 · The demand for poultry products is rising, making poultry farming among today’s most lucrative business ventures. John Spacey, October 22, 2021. Depending on how poultry and their feed are raised, poultry production can be carbon neutral. e. Compared to grazing animals, poultry do not produce significant amounts of the greenhouse gas, methane, during digestion. As such, circa 9% of chicken meat and circa 7% of eggs produced are exported, giving farmers an additional sales channel. Since then, we have seen the industry grow, as apparent from the recent 2020 study that Jan 15, 2024 · Layer is for egg production. The following are common reasons that societies are viewed as important. Darag native chickens are particularly popular. A recent editorial. For maximum productivity, the poultry industry segregates chicken breeds into broiler and egg-laying chickens. economy. 4 IMPORTANCEOF POULTRY. Market-oriented family poultry enterprises may be the first step in allowing poor households to break out of the vicious circle of poverty and deprivation. noun. For example, broiler chicken are only for meat production. 8lbs (820g) of grain for every pound Jul 31, 2023 · The new duties also include an additional tariff of a maximum of 158. It is important to add that using a new generation of feed additives, including nutraceuticals in poultry feeding, it is possible to obtain poultry products (e. 64%, of age above 21 yr and 72. Ration should be balanced containing carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are the primary species of poultry reared on a large scale by farmers. Only broilers increased production from 2021. Artificial selection is the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations. Azolla has several pharmacological effects and can be used as antioxidant, immune-stimulating, hepato- protective, phytoremediation Meat plays a pivotal role in this. 49% over the same period in the previous year. A key outcome of this situation is the accumulation of nutrients, including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P Oct 19, 2023 · noun. Carrying out a good dry-clean and dusting off of all the surfaces, followed by washing down with clean water, will help reduce the number of bacteria present in the poultry house. For example, birds are given away as gifts, sacrificed to ancestors and divinities, or consumed as part of traditional celebrations – thereby strengthening important social bonds. All are important factors Constraints to Commercial Expansion. The world now produces more than 350 million tonnes each year. 1 billion in new commitments in 2013. Birds can easily be sold for cash (poultry is often described as farmers’ “petty cash”) and serve as a buffer against shocks such as bad harvests. It does so through farm production, forestry, fishing activities, textile mills and products, apparel and food and beverage sales, and service and manufacturing. Online Courses. Dec 1, 2013 · In a developing country like India, rural poultry production is of great importance as a prime supplier of eggs and meat and as a source of subsidiary income for the rural poor and marginalised Jan 26, 2024 · Introduction. The continuous growth and transformation of the livestock sector offer substantial opportunities for agricultural development, poverty reduction, food security gains and improved human nutrition. Both egg production and poultry meat production appear to have registered a 100 percent growth in value terms over the 1995 to 2005 period. Each breed has its own meat flavor. Meanwhile, backyard poultry setups have been providing meat and eggs for human consumption and supplementing the livelihood of farmers in many rural setups for ages. Further, according to "Back Yard Chicken Keeping: Myths and Facts," keeping chickens Poultry ( / ˈpoʊltri /) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of harvesting animal products such as meat, eggs or feathers. 7. C. Poultry Science publishes papers on fundamental and. Mar 15, 2024 · Agriculture can help reduce poverty for 75% of the world's poor, who live in rural areas and work mainly in farming. Sep 14, 2021 · All data shows that poultry has great contribution in. In this study, it was eminent that, chicken production is dominated by females, 69. essential part of the fabric of human societies in. G. [1] The practice of raising poultry is known as poultry farming. Yorkshire pudding. Broiler is for meat production. Commercial poultry production with exotic breeds is also The term Poultry refers to a wide range of birds of various species and it applies to them generally-alive, or dressed (killed and prepared for sales). Poultry production is generally considered as supplementary to other livelihood activities, but poultry is actually a form of saving and insurance, and contributes to income diversification. The chicken production volume was 861,870 metric tons between January and June 2017. Apr 29, 2022 · Abstract. Broiler Chicken Industry Sustainability Report was submitted to the Scientific Group of the U. The best fed and housed stock with the best genetic potential will not grow and produce efficiently if they become diseased or infested with parasites. From the ancient time, they are helping humans through many ways. 3) The scientific community and poultry stakeholders could benefit from systematic reviews on several health outcomes, including body composition, and CVD . Broiler Poultry. The wavelength of visible light ranges from 400 nanometres (nm) to around 700 nm. IMPORTANCE OF POULTRY IN THE NATIONAL LIVESTOCK SECTOR Poultry raising is defined as raising different types of birds domestically or commercially for the purpose of meat, eggs and feather production. It is an industry that contributes significantly to the global food supply, providing a source of meat and eggs for human consumption. 6 million chickens and of th is, 87. These poultry products are utilized in various industries, including vaccine production, leather goods, soap Aug 24, 2021 · It can help overcome some of the greatest challenges our society faces, including climate change, famine, and disease. Chickens constitute about 90% of the poultry population and are, by far, the most important poultry species in all parts of the world (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO, 2014). Michael Hulet, Phillip Clauer, Lynn Kime. Majority of the exports are directed to Singapore. Vitamin A is required for normal growth, reproduction and maintenance of Oct 22, 2021 · 18 Reasons Society is Important. 7kg) broiler chickens were harvested in the US, consuming about 1. A society is a system that governs life in a place. Used litter contains 500 million bacteria per gram. the economic development of the world. Broiler sales increased 60 percent, turkey sales increased 21 percent, and egg sales increased 122 percent. The growth in the sector has expanded the egg setting’s national capacity to around 1. (2023) analyze in their article how smallholder poultry production can help with poverty reduction and food security under the light of increasing global food prices in the developing world—a topic that has even gained more importance in the light of current inflation, rising food prices and hunger around the world. These feed additives originating Aug 27, 2021 · “The Philippine poultry sector performs a crucial function in our pursuit of agricultural development – where farmers and fishers can have the dignity of being self-sufficient even as all Filipinos are allowed access to adequate food,” Secretary William Dar said during his opening address for the Philippine Poultry and Livestock Virtual Summit on August 27, 2021. For example, laying hens selected for high egg production have increased skel- Jul 4, 2021 · Malaysian farmers were able to produce circa 98% of the national demand for poultry meat and 115% of the national demand for chicken eggs. Food Systems Summit 2021, ahead of the U. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins. Keeping chickens as pets provides ready access to fresh eggs. the children of a person or animal. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. In times of In intensive poultry systems, much progress has been made in recent decades in developing valid methods of measuring poultry welfare. biscuit-like bread made with beef drippings. Overall, poultry farming entails keeping different birds, including ducks, geese, chickens, guinea fowls, peafowls, and quails, for egg, feather, and meat production. The sector can also empower rural women and youth, improve natural resource-use efficiency, and increase the resilience of Oct 29, 2023 · Among the all the domestic birds ducks, chickens, geese, pigeons, quails, turkeys, ostriches etc. Per kilogram of live weight, the modern broiler requires 215g less feed and provides 69g more total breast meat than the broiler of 2003. It can raise incomes, improve food security and benefit the environment. Some popular layer chicken breeds are Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona, Fayoumi, Isa Brown, Babycock, Star Cross, Lohman etc. All three sectors were affected by increasing prices in 2022, with the egg and turkey sectors being May 11, 2021 · Abstract and Figures. Give today and help us reach more students. 00 percent of the respondents farmers Mar 3, 2022 · Poultry farming is a significant source of revenue generation for small farmers in developing countries. Poultry is the fastest-growing sector globally with significant growth rates over the years. g. The market for chicken meat has grown dramatically since then, with worldwide exports reaching nearly 12. 8 million tons) by the early 21st Jul 31, 2014 · Zambia’s poultry sector has demonstrated huge progress, regarding production, commercial and technological factors, according to the Zambian government. Dec 5, 2015 · Rural poultry farming using native breeds is being practised in many developing and underdeveloped countries throughout the world [1–6]. Dec 31, 2019 · Uganda’s total poultry population is e stimated at about 47 . About 300 estimated breeds of poultry contribute to the vast diversity and majority (63%) number of domesticated avian Apr 5, 2017 · When it comes to poultry production, sometimes it is difficult to remember there are a lot of factors that play into why the industry is so successful. Ultraviolet light is towards the short end of the spectrum. Aug 1, 2012 · for small-scale family poultry production, it is crucial. The poultry industry is one which is an 'early adopter'. 3%). Aug 26, 2020 · Poultry immunity, health, and production are several factors that challenge the future growth of the poultry industry. 9% on Poland; 85. See full list on britannica. There are several breeds including Palawan, Basilian, Darag, Banaba, Iloilo, Batangas, Camarines, Joloano, Bolinao, Paraoakan, and Pangasia breeds. Dec 13, 2020 · In poultry, Mn is important for the eggshell formation and can clearly affect the egg shell quality. 7mn per week. Today, they are by far the most important poultry species in the world. Genome study shows pigs can help with research on human diabetes, dyslexia, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and obesity. Small-Flock Turkey Production. 6 billion in economic impact to the U. 32kobo was returned to the Poultry farming - Chickens, Ducks, Geese: Mass production of chicken meat and eggs began in the early 20th century, but by the middle of that century meat production had outstripped egg production as a specialized industry. Scanes, Editor-in-Chief. Nov 20, 2020 · That is much higher than other agricultural products! For example, it costs 216 gallons of water for a pound of soybeans and 108 gallons for a pound of corn. Major challenges include high flock mortality due to predation and regular disease outbreaks (particularly Newcastle disease); poor genetic potential of indigenous breeds; poor quality, quantity, and availability of feed resources; absence of an organized marketing system Half of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture. Mar 28, 2024 · The Filipino diet relies heavily on meat, placing livestock and poultry among the essential segments of the country's agricultural sector. Poultry means “raising the various types of domestic birds which are commercially used for their meat, eggs and feather production’’. addressed the Apr 29, 2022 · Vitamin E is one of the fat-soluble vitamin that has been used from last decades for di erent poultry. Specific examples will be picked from different categories of production, but many of the sustainability Nov 9, 2022 · This is important information when considering poultry consumption, because the cooking method of poultry influences the formation of chemical byproducts linked to adverse health outcomes. Further May 24, 2018 · Poultry researchers are interested in three segments of the spectrum, each of which can have an effect on birds’ behaviour: ultraviolet light, visible light and infrared light. However, the production of meat has large environmental impacts Jul 12, 2022 · Agriculture also impacts economic development by contributing to the overall U. Mar 17, 2021 · Commercial poultry rearing in Pakistan dates back to the 1960s. 2012 ). Sep 1, 2023 · Great topic and well said! Since each farm has a unique water supply and system, producers need access to more than just a “chart” of facts but rather a systematic decision process that will lead them through understanding their specific issues and needs and provide them with the information and tools to make sound decisions based on the most current scientific knowledge available. and are still kept as pets today. 8 kg of poultry meat. Food is responsible for one-quarter of the world’s emissions. For those who believe in the power of innovation and the promise of creative destruction to advance economic development and lead to better quality of life, technology is a vital economic driver (Schumpeter 1942) . Humans form societies wherever they live with the exception of unstable regions where there is conflict to the degree that society has collapsed. As a generalisation, farmers readily adopt new technologies but are reticent to embrace institutional change. are most popular throughout the world. gross domestic product (GDP), directly and indirectly. Artificial selection works the same way as natural selection, except that with natural selection it is nature, not human creased disease and mortality, and reduced production. 7 percent share of poultry. Unfortunately, small-scale poultry production in Africa is also fraught with risks. The first complete sequence of the pig genome provides a genetic comparison of the domesticated pig and its wild cousins and offers clues to how the animal evolved, according to the cover story in the Nov For climate mitigation, it is important to reduce the use of fossil fuels in agriculture in order to reduce greenhouse gases. Ensure you have a reliable source of 100% organic feed for your chickens. The results showed there were 45. 4% on Denmark. is Nov 7, 2019 · The main objective of GASL is to strengthen society’s commitments towards sustainable livestock production practices and policies and contribute in a tangible way to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals of the Agenda 2030. N. , 1997). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the report is also intended to In this article, poultry production is understood as all types of production in which domesticated birds are involved, either for meat, feathers or eggs from small scale producers to large-scale industrial poultry production units. Although the whole world is affected, these impacts may be more severe in Jul 1, 2006 · The domestication of animals for food was an integral part of the. com Family poultry development can enhance the food and nutrition security of the poorest households, improve livelihoods and promote gender equity. During the first half of 2017, the chicken egg production also grew by 242,988 metric tons, a growth of 4. C. Apr 20, 2022 · It can be used in animal and poultry feed as a protein source. bv td tn nh nl qc qu ii tp sp